As indicated by the title, this book focuses on fundamental problems in finance: a logical dilemma in valuation, stock valuation methods/models, risk valuation, and optimal capital structure. It presents an innovative approach to logic and quantitative reasoning (without advanced mathematics) that delivers valuable results ---- convincing solutions to these problems. Readers in finance will definitely be interested in these solutions as well as the methods. In fact, these fundamental problems are essential in the field of finance, and they have remained unsolved (or partly unsolved) for decades. The solutions offered in this book are all sound in theory and feasible in practice, and will hopefully benefit both theoretic al research and practical decision-making.