Machine generated contents note: PART I. POLAND AS A PLACE OF REFUGE FOR JEWS -- The Polish Princes' Offer of Protection from Persecution -- The Opponents of the Jews -- Economic Success -- Social Structure and Self-administration of the Jews -- Learning and Culture -- The Jews as Intermediaries between Town and Country -- A Golden Age for the Jews in Poland? -- PART II. EAST EUROPEAN JEWRY AS A 'CULTURAL PATTERN OF LIFE' IN EASTERN EUROPE -- The Catastrophe of 1648 -- The Consequences of the Catastrophe -- The Kabbala -- The Messiah in Poland: Shabtai Tsevi and Jacob Frank -- The Popular Piety of Hasidism -- The Origins of the Ostjuden -- The 'Shtetl' -- Contacts between Jews and Non-Jews: Jewish Peddlers and -- Innkeepers -- The Symbiosis Diminishes -- Jews in the Partitions of Poland -- The Reaction of the Jews to the New Political, Intellectual, -- and Religious Conditions -- The Tsarist Empire and the Jews -- East European Jews outside Tsarist Rule -- PART III. THE CRISIS OF THE JEWS IN EASTERN EUROPE A NEW IDENTITY -- Transformation of the Traditional Intermediary Function -- 'Expulsion' and 'Restructuring' -- Luftmenshn -- Transformation of the Occupational Structure and New -- Intermediary Activities -- Competition to Oust Rivals from the Market and Anti- -- Semitism -- Haskala: The Jewish Enlightenment -- Assimilation and Acculturation -- 'Necktied' and 'Kaftaned' Jews -- By Way of an Example: Jews in Warsaw and L6di -- The Jewish Family -- Men and Women in Jewish Society -- Jewish Upbringing -- Everyday Religious Customs -- Synagogue and Community Organizations -- Increasing Conflicts with the Non-Jewish World -- Socialism, Zionism, New Jewish Identity -- Immigration as an Attempt to Find a New Homeland -- A Center of East European Jewry: Galicia and Bukovina -- A Positive Model with Contradictions: Hungary -- Different Attitudes to the Emancipation of the Jews in -- Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria -- A 'Ritual Murder': The Case of Bohemia and Moravia -- PART IV. ATTEMPTED ANNIHILATION AND NEW HOPE -- The Jews in the Russian Revolution and in the Soviet Union -- East European Jewish Nationality and New Waves of Anti- -- Semitism: The Jews in Poland between the Two World Wars -- A Precarious Situation in Individual East European -- Countries -- The Attempted Extermination of the Jews -- The Jews in Postwar Poland: New Suffering and New Hope -- AFTERWORD: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEMORY -- NOTES -- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Bibliographies, Lexicons, and other Aids, Periodicals -- General Overviews and Comprehensive Works -- Bibliography to Part I: Poland as a Place of Refuge for Jews -- Bibliography to Part II: The East European Jewry as a 'New -- Cultural Pattern of Life' in Eastern Europe -- Bibliography to Part III: The Crisis of the Jews in Eastern -- Europe a New Identity -- Bibliography to Part IV: Attempted Annihilation and New Hope.