Front Cover -- Reverse Osmosis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction-Do RO Membranes Have Pores? -- 1.1. Research Before 2000 -- 1.1.1. Preferential Sorption-Capillary Flow (PS-CF) model -- 1.2. RO Transport Mechanisms -- 1.3. Electron Microscopic Image, Evidence for the Absence of Pores? -- 1.4. RO Transport Models -- 1.5. Support to the Pore Model? -- 1.6. Research after 2001 -- 1.6.1. Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PALS) -- 1.6.2. Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation -- 1.7. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 2: RO Membrane Preparation -- 2.1. Preparation of Cellulose Acetate Membrane by Phase Inversion Technique -- 2.2. Preparation of Ultrathin Membrane -- 2.3. Thin-Film Composite (TFC) Membrane -- 2.4. Surface Modification of TFC Membrane -- 2.4.1. Use of Hydrophilic Amine Monomer -- 2.4.2. Additives to the Aqueous Phase -- 2.4.3. Change of Solvent for Organic Phase -- 2.4.4. Soaking -- 2.4.5. Post Surface Treatment by Aqueous Solutions -- 2.4.6. Coating -- 2.4.7. Plasma Treatment -- 2.4.8. Grafting -- 2.4.9. Surface Modifying Macromolecules -- 2.4.10. Surface Pattern Formation -- 2.5. Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFN) Membrane -- 2.6. Biomimetic Membrane -- 2.7. Inorganic Membrane -- 2.8. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: RO Membrane Characterization -- 3.1. Characterization by Membrane Transport -- 3.2. Characterization by Membrane Morphology -- 3.2.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 3.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 3.2.3. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 3.2.4. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) -- 3.2.5. Neutron Scattering (NS) -- 3.2.6. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy -- 3.2.7. Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) and Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) -- 3.3. Characterization by Membrane Surface Chemistry.

3.3.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) -- 3.3.2. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) -- 3.3.3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 3.3.4. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy -- 3.3.5. Raman Spectroscopy (RS) -- 3.3.6. Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) -- 3.4. Other Characterization Techniques -- 3.4.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- 3.4.2. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) -- 3.4.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 3.4.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 3.4.5. Contact Angle Measurement -- 3.4.6. Zeta Potential Measurement -- 3.4.7. Graft Density -- 3.4.8. Tensile Strength Measurement -- 3.5. Summary of RO Membrane Characterization Methods -- References -- Chapter 4: RO Membrane Transport -- 4.1. Solution-Diffusion Model -- 4.1.1. Solvent Transport Equation -- 4.1.2. Solute Transport Equation -- 4.2. Solution-Diffusion-Imperfection Model -- 4.3. Irreversible Thermodynamics -- 4.4. Pore Flow Model by Glückauf [6] -- 4.5. Finely Porous Model [7] -- 4.6. Surface Force-Pore Flow Model -- 4.7. Molecular Dynamics Simulation -- 4.7.1. Construction of Membrane -- 4.7.2. Reverse Osmosis -- 4.7.3. Simulation Results -- 4.7.4. Solute Transport -- 4.8. CNTs MD Simulation -- References -- Chapter 5: RO Membrane Module -- 5.1. Module Description -- 5.1.1. Module Type -- 5.1.1.1. Hollow Fiber Module -- 5.1.1.2. Spiral-Wound Module -- 5.1.2. Feed Spacer -- 5.1.3. Permeate Spacer -- 5.1.4. Endcap -- 5.1.5. Larger Modules -- 5.2. Studies on the Spacers -- 5.2.1. Computation and Experiments -- 5.2.2. Module Observation -- 5.2.3. Module Imaging by Particle Image Velocimetry -- 5.2.4. Computational Fluid Dynamics -- 5.2.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 5.2.6. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Imaging -- 5.2.7. Fouling Monitoring by Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry -- References.

Chapter 6: Hybrid System -- 6.1. Reverse Osmosis-Evaporator -- 6.2. Microfiltration-RO -- 6.3. Ultrafiltration (UF)-RO -- 6.4. Nanofiltration (NF)-RO -- 6.5. Forward Osmosis (FO)-RO -- 6.5.1. Seawater Desalination -- 6.5.2. Wastewater Treatment -- 6.5.3. Simultaneous Wastewater and Seawater Treatment -- 6.6. Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO)-RO -- 6.7. Pervaporation (PV)-RO -- 6.8. RO-Reverse Electrodialysis, RO-Electrodialysis Reversal, and RO-Ion Exchange -- References -- Chapter 7: RO Economics -- 7.1. General Trend in the Water Production Cost -- 7.2. Energy Consumption -- 7.3. RO Process Economy -- 7.4. Calculation Method of Water Cost -- 7.5. Case Study -- 7.6. Megaton Project of Japan -- References -- Chapter 8: RO Membrane Fouling -- 8.1. Types of Fouling -- 8.1.1. Colloidal Fouling -- 8.1.2. Organic Fouling -- 8.1.3. Scaling -- 8.1.4. Biofouling -- 8.2. Prevention and Control of Membrane Fouling -- 8.2.1. Modification of Membrane Surfaces -- 8.2.1.1. Change the Monomers of In Situ Polymerization of PA Layer -- 8.2.1.2. The Surface Coating and Cross-Linking -- 8.2.1.3. Incorporation of Fillers -- 8.2.2. Pretreatment of RO Feed and Other Methods -- 8.2.2.1. Acids -- 8.2.2.2. Caustics -- 8.2.2.3. Dechlorination Chemicals -- 8.2.2.4. Antiscalants and Dispersants -- 8.3. Fouling Prevention of Seawater -- 8.3.1. Seawater Characterization -- 8.3.1.1. Total Suspended Solids -- 8.3.1.2. Turbidity -- 8.3.1.3. Silt Density Index (SDI) -- 8.3.1.4. Modified Fouling Index -- 8.3.1.5. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) -- 8.3.1.6. Iron and Manganese Concentration -- 8.3.1.7. Organic Substances -- 8.3.1.8. Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection -- 8.3.1.9. Alger -- 8.3.1.10. Oil and Chemical Spills -- 8.3.2. Pretreatment of Seawater -- 8.3.2.1. Perchlorination -- 8.3.2.2. pH Adjustment.

8.3.2.3. Floculation and Coagulation (Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management) -- 8.3.2.4. Scaling (Lenntech) -- 8.3.2.5. Pretreatment by Membranes -- References -- Chapter 9: RO Applications -- 9.1. RO for the Production of Potable Water -- 9.2. Industrial Use -- 9.2.1. Ultrapure Water -- 9.2.2. Agricultural Use [5] -- 9.2.3. Food Industry -- 9.2.3.1. Juice Concentration -- 9.2.3.2. Daily Industry [17] -- 9.2.3.3. Maple Syrup Production -- 9.2.4. Petroleum Industry -- 9.2.5. Mining Industry -- 9.3. Space Applications -- 9.4. Other Applications -- 9.4.1. Hydrogen Production -- 9.4.1.1. Window Cleaning -- 9.4.1.2. Reef Aquariums -- 9.4.1.3. Medical Field -- 9.4.1.4. Boiler Feedwater -- 9.4.1.5. Military Use -- References -- Chapter 10: Organic Solvent NF (OSN) -- 10.1. OSN Membranes -- 10.2. OSN Membrane Applications -- 10.3. Organic Liquid RO -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.