Front Cover -- Advances in Heat Transfer -- Advances in Heat Transfer -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- One - Enhancement of Jet Impingement Heat Transfer by Means of Jet Axis Switching -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYSICAL SITUATION -- 3. DETAILS OF THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION -- 3.1 Governing Equations -- 3.2 Boundary Conditions -- 3.3 Numerical Considerations -- 4. FLUID FLOW RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4.1 Jet Evolution -- 4.2 Velocity Field via Vector Diagrams -- 5. HEAT TRANSFER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 5.1 Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer -- 5.2 Spatial Variations of the Local Heat Transfer Results -- 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Two - Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes and Assemblies -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF CARBON NANOTUBES -- 2.1 Structure of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube -- 2.1.1 Geometry Structure -- 2.1.2 Chiral Vector Ch -- 2.1.3 Translational Vector T -- 2.2 Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotube -- 2.2.1 Chemical Bonding -- 2.2.2 Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.3 Vibrations and Phonons -- 2.4 Thermal Transport in Carbon Nanotube -- 3. THEORETICAL MODELING -- 3.1 Molecular Dynamic Simulations -- 3.2 Phonon Boltzmann Transport Equation -- 3.3 Landauer Method -- 3.4 Key Findings -- 3.4.1 Temperature Dependence -- 3.4.2 Length Effect -- 3.4.3 Chirality and Diameter Effect -- 3.4.4 Defect and Vacancy -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 4.1 External Heat Source -- 4.1.1 Suspended Thermometer -- 4.1.2 T-Type Nanosensor -- 4.1.3 Four-Probe Method -- 4.2 Self-Heating Method -- 4.2.1 3-ω Method -- 4.2.2 Optical Methods -- 4.2 Comments on Experimental Methods -- 5. CNT-CNT BUNDLES -- 5.1 Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Bundles -- 5.2 Contact Thermal Resistance -- 5.3 Experimental Measurements -- 6. CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE -- 6.1 Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composting Process.

6.1.1 Purification -- 6.1.2 Dispersion -- 6.1.3 Functionalization -- 6.1.4 Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube-polymer Composite -- 6.2 Modeling of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites -- 6.2.1 Basic Theoretical Modeling -- 6.2.2 Basic Simulation Modeling -- 6.2.3 Thermal Resistance -- 6.3 Thermal Conductivity of CNT-Polymer Composites -- 6.4 Other Carbon Nanotube Composites -- REFERENCES -- Three - Thermal Modeling of Data Centers for Control and Energy Usage Optimization -- 1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION -- 1.1 Data Center Basics -- 1.2 Energy Scenario and Need for Dynamic Control -- 1.3 Components of Dynamic Control System -- 1.4 Review of Modeling Approaches -- 1.4.1 Simplified Models/Lumped Capacitance Modeling -- 1.4.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling -- 1.4.3 Reduced-Order/Compact Modeling -- 2. COMPACT/REDUCED-ORDER MODELING FOR TEMPERATURE AND AIRFLOW IN DATA CENTERS -- 2.1 Classification of Compact Models -- 2.2 Physics-Based Reduced-Order Modeling -- 2.2.1 Inviscid and Potential Flow-Based Modeling Methods -- 2.2.2 Partially Decoupled Aisle Modeling -- 2.2.3 Zonal Modeling Approach -- 2.3 Heuristic Methods -- 2.4 Data-Driven Modeling -- 2.4.1 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition-Based Modeling -- 2.4.2 Machine Learning-Based Modeling -- 2.5 Hybrid/Combinational Methods -- 3. THERMAL CONTROL IN DATA CENTERS -- 3.1 Guidelines and Objectives -- 3.2 Component Level Studies -- 3.3 Room-Level Studies -- 4. COOLING ENERGY OPTIMIZATION -- 4.1 Energy Usage for Data Center Cooling -- 4.2 Cooling Energy Modeling -- 4.3 Review of Optimization Studies -- 4.3.1 Static/Configuration-Based Optimization -- 4.3.2 Dynamic Optimization -- 5. EMERGING TRENDS AND CLOSURE -- 5.1 Emerging Trends and Future Research -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- Four - Advances in Liquid Metal Science and Technology in Chip Cooling and Thermal Management -- 1. INTRODUCTION.

2. LIQUID METAL CONVECTION COOLING -- 2.1 Fundamentals -- 2.2 Liquid Metal Cooling Technologies: Development and Applications -- 2.3 Liquid Metal Micro/Mini-Channel Heat Sink: Thermal Flow Model -- 2.3.1 One-Dimensional Flow and Thermal Resistance Model -- 2.3.2 Three-Dimensional Flow and Thermal Resistance Model -- 2.4 Challenging Issues -- 2.4.1 Driving Strategy -- 2.4.2 Corrosion Protection -- 2.4.3 Antifreezing -- 2.4.4 Liquid Metal Material Genome -- 3. LOW MELTING POINT METAL PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS -- 3.1 Brief Introduction of Phase Change Materials -- 3.1.1 Organic PCMs -- 3.1.2 Inorganic PCMs -- 3.1.3 Metallic PCMs -- 3.1.4 Comparison of Different PCMs -- 3.2 Cooling Capability Figure of Merit of PCM -- 3.3 Development of LMPM PCM Cooling Technology -- 3.4 Model for Solid-Liquid Phase Change Problem -- 3.4.1 Mathematical Model -- 3.4.2 Numerical Model I: Enthalpy-Porosity Method -- 3.4.3 Numerical Model II: Lattice Boltzmann Method -- 3.5 Phase Change Heat Transfer of LMPM -- 3.6 Simplified Heat Transfer Model for LMPM PCM -- 3.6.1 Simplified Numerical Model -- 3.6.2 Approximate Solution for One-Dimensional Stefan Problem -- 3.7 Low Melting Point Metal PCM Against High Thermal Shock -- 3.8 Challenging Issues -- 4. LIQUID METAL-BASED THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS -- 5. NEWLY DEVELOPED LIQUID METAL COOLING TECHNOLOGIES -- 5.1 Actuation of Liquid Metal -- 5.2 Liquid Metal Droplet-Enabled Chip Cooling Methods -- 6. LIQUID METAL-ENABLED COMBINATORIAL HEAT TRANSFER SCIENCE -- 6.1 Abstractive Division of a Cooling System -- 6.1.1 Heat Acquisition Segment -- 6.1.2 Heat Transport Segment -- 6.1.3 Heat Rejection Segment -- 6.2 Liquid Metal Convection-Combined Cooling System -- 6.3 Low Melting Point Metal PCM Combined Cooling System -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

Five - A Validated Framework for Innovation and Design Optimization of Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BACKGROUND -- 3. FUTURE OF AIR-TO-REFRIGERANT HEAT EXCHANGERS -- 4. FRAMEWORK FOR NEXT-GENERATION AIR-TO-REFRIGERANT HEAT EXCHANGER INNOVATION -- 4.1 Concept Geometry -- 4.2 Parameterization -- 4.3 Approximation -- 4.4 Optimization -- 5. CASE STUDY-APPLICATION OF NGHX FRAMEWORK -- 5.1 Concept Geometry -- 5.2 CFD Model Development -- 5.3 Approximation -- 5.4 Optimization -- 5.5 Prototyping -- 5.6 Validation -- 5.6.1 Dry Condition Testing -- 5.6.2 Wet Condition Testing -- 5.6.3 Inlet Air Humidity Effects -- 5.6.4 Effect of Water Flow Rate -- 5.6.5 Effect of Air Flow Rate -- 5.6.6 Wet Condition j and f Factors -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- Six - Anomalous Heat Transfer: Examples, Fundamentals, and Fractional Calculus Models -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXAMPLES OF ANOMALOUS HEAT TRANSFER -- 2.1 Steady-State Heat Conduction -- 2.2 A Melting Phase Change System -- 3. CONSTRUCTS OF FRACTIONAL CALCULUS -- 3.1 Basic Continuous Definitions of Fractional Derivatives -- 3.2 Right Hand and General Space Derivatives -- 3.3 Evaluation of Fractional Derivatives -- 3.4 A Discrete Fractional Derivative Definition -- 3.5 Alternative Discrete Schemes for Caputo derivatives -- 4. CONNECTING FRACTIONAL CALCULUS TO NONLOCAL AND MEMORY BEHAVIORS -- 4.1 Relating the Presence of Fast-Paths to a Fractional Heat Flux -- 4.2 Relating the Presence of Holdup to a Fractional Time Derivative -- 4.3 A Comment on Random-Walk Simulations and Anomalous Transport -- 5. CONNECTING HETEROGENEITY, ANOMALOUS TRANSPORT, AND FRACTIONAL CALCULUS -- 5.1 A General fractional Diffusion Equation -- 5.2 A Scaling Analysis of the General Equation -- 5.3 Making the Connection -- 6. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS.

6.1 A Basic Fractional Heat Flux Balance -- 6.2 Dealing With Sources and Flux Boundary Conditions -- 6.3 A Fractional Transient Balance -- 7. FRACTIONAL DIFFUSION OF AN INITIAL HEAT PULSE -- 7.1 The Base (Normal) Case -- 7.2 Fractional in Space -- 7.3 Fractional in Time and in Time and Space -- 8. ONE-DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE FRACTIONAL HEAT-CONDUCTION PROBLEM -- 8.1 A Basic Problem -- 8.2 A Problem with a Flux and Source -- 8.3 Heat Conduction in a Fractal Domain -- 9. FRACTIONAL PHASE CHANGE PROBLEMS -- 10. FRACTIONAL VERSUS NONLINEAR -- 11. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Back Cover.