Introduction. References. Publications on 'The Exponential Scale'. The Roots of Mathematics -- the Roots of Structure. Multiplication of polynomials. Addition of polynomials. Saddles. Exercises. References. The Natural Function and the Exponential Scale. Polygons and planar geometry. Polyhedra and geometry. Curvature. The fundamental polyhedra -- and others. Optimal organisation and higher exponentials. Exercises. References. Periodicity and the Complex Exponential. The translation vector. The complex exponential and some variants. Some other exponentials. Exercises. References. The Screw and the Finite Periodicity with the Circular Punctions. Chirality, the screw and the multi spiral. The bending of a helix. Finite periodicity -- molecules and the Larsson cubosomes. Multiplication, Nets and Planar Groups. Lines and saddles. Nets with two planes, and variations. Nets with three planes, and variations. Nets with four planes, and variations. Structures in 3D from the nets. Quasi. Four planes and quasi. Five planes and quasi. The Gauss Distribution Function. The GD function and periodicity. Handmade periodicity. The GD function and periodicity in 3D. The BCC and diamond symmetries. The link to cosine. Handmade Structures and Periodicity. Prelude. Simplest of periodic structures. Contact of spheres in space -- structures and surfaces. How tetrahedra and octahedra meet in space. The Rods in Space. Primitive packing of rods. Body centred packing of rods. Tetragonal and hexagonal packing of rods. Larsson cubosomes of rods. Packing of rods, and their related surfaces. The Rings, Addition and Subtraction. Some simple examples of subtraction and addition in 3D. The rings. More ways to make rings. More subtraction -- hyperbolic polyhedra. Periodic Dilation -- Concentric Symmetry. Dilatation and translation in 2D. Dilatation and translation in 3D. Pure dilatation. Appendices. Subject Index.