In this dissertation work, several surface plasmon resonance nanostructure devices were investigated for biochemical sensing applications. First, optical resonance properties of diabolo nanoantenna arrays were investigated. Diabolo nanoantenna arrays with different waist widths and periods were fabricated and characterized. It was found that the waist width is critical to control the plasmon resonant wavelength. Second, a hybrid plasmon photonic crystal superperiod nanohole grating array was fabricated on a glass substrate and characterized. It was found that the new optical resonance spectrometer based on hybrid photonic crystal and plasmonic structure can measure plasmonic resonance that cannot be measured with a regular optical spectrometer. Next, a cavity coupled conical nanohole array on an optical fiber facet was fabricated and used for biochemical sensing. It was found that both conical nanoholes and cavities underneath contribute to the increased sensitivity. Finally, label free sensitive detection of troponin I proteins was demonstrated by using a nanocave plasmonic chip.