John Dewey and the Bank Street approach -- Constructivist approach -- The high/scope approach -- Montessori -- Waldorf, British infant/primary schools, and free schools -- Contexts: Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky -- Reggio Emilia -- The standards and core knowledge curricular approaches -- Global approaches to early childhood and elementary education -- Exceptional children -- Multicultural and multilingual education -- Brain-based learning -- Federal and state programs -- Religious approaches -- Behavioral approaches -- The project approach to learning.