Front Cover -- Fish Diseases -- Fish Diseases: Prevention and Control Strategies -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1. FISH -- 2. PATHOGENS -- 3. ENVIRONMENT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- I - Fish -- 1 - Immunology: Improvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 TELEOST IMMUNITY -- 1.2.1 Innate Immunity -- 1.2.2 Adaptive Immunity -- 1.2.2.1 Major Histocompatibility Complex -- 1.2.2.2 B-Cells and Antibodies -- 1.2.2.3 T-Cells -- 1.2.2.3.1 T-Helper Cells -- 1.2.2.3.2 Cytotoxic T-cells -- 1.2.2.3.3 Regulatory T-cells -- 1.2.3 Immune Tissues in Fish -- 1.3 EFFECTORS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE -- 1.4 IMPROVEMENT OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE -- 1.4.1 Vaccines -- 1.4.2 Immunostimulants -- 1.4.3 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics -- 1.4.4 Nucleotide Diets -- 1.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Improvement of Disease Resistance by Genetic Methods -- 2.1 HOW TO ASSESS DISEASE RESISTANCE IN FISH? -- 2.1.1 Which Traits Can Be Used to Score Disease Resistance at the Individual Level? -- 2.1.2 Testing for Resistance: Natural Outbreaks Versus Controlled Challenge Testing -- 2.2 BASIC GENETIC PRINCIPLES -- 2.2.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Inheritance -- 2.2.2 Genetic Variation -- 2.2.3 Heritability -- 2.2.4 Inbreeding -- 2.2.5 Correlation Between Traits -- 2.3 SELECTIVE BREEDING TO IMPROVE RESISTANCE -- 2.3.1 General Processes in Relation to Diseases -- 2.3.2 Heritability of Disease Resistance and Survival Traits -- 2.3.3 Response to Selection for Survival and Disease Resistance -- 2.3.4 Combining Resistance to Diseases and Production Traits in Breeding Objectives -- 2.3.4.1 Correlations With Production Traits -- 2.3.4.2 Correlations Among Resistance to Different Diseases -- 2.3.4.3 Correlation Between Survival in the Field and Survival After Experimental Disease Challenge.

2.3.5 Resistance to Diseases in Selection Programs Worldwide -- 2.4 APPLICATION OF NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES -- 2.4.1 Measuring Variation in the Nucleotide Sequence of DNA -- 2.4.2 Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association -- 2.4.3 Gene Expression -- 2.4.4 Epigenetics -- 2.4.5 Marker-Assisted and Genomic Selection -- 2.5 ROLE OF SELECTIVE BREEDING IN AN OVERALL HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY -- 2.5.1 Combining Different Health Management Strategies -- 2.5.1.1 Genetic Resistance and Vaccination -- 2.5.1.2 Stress Response, Cardiovascular Fitness and Disease Susceptibility -- 2.5.2 Selection for Sustainable Resistances: Integrating New Facets of Host Response -- 2.5.2.1 Targeting General or Specific Immune Responses? -- 2.5.2.2 Toward New Desirable Traits to Improve Resistance -- 2.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- II - Pathogens -- 3 - Types of Pathogens in Fish, Waterborne Diseases -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 HOST SPECIFICITY OF PATHOGENS -- 3.3 VIRAL PATHOGENS -- 3.3.1 Virally Induced Host Behavioral Changes -- 3.3.2 Viral Shedding -- 3.3.3 The Carrier Status -- 3.3.4 Vectors -- 3.3.5 Predator-Prey Relationships -- 3.3.6 Modes of Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens Between Fish -- 3.3.7 Bacteria -- 3.3.8 Bacterial Pathogens -- 3.3.9 Methods of Bacterial Transmission -- 3.3.9.1 Behavioral Changes -- 3.3.9.2 Shedding -- 3.3.9.3 Adhesion -- 3.3.9.4 Host-Seeking -- 3.3.9.5 Carriers -- 3.3.9.6 Vertical Transmission -- 3.3.9.7 Vectors -- 3.3.9.8 Predator-Prey Relationships -- 3.4 TRANSMISSION OF FUNGAL DISEASE: THE WATER MOLDS -- 3.4.1 External "Fungal" Pathogens -- 3.4.2 Egg, Fry, and Larvae Infections -- 3.4.3 Shedding -- 3.4.4 Biofilms and Secondary Infection of Open Wounds -- 3.4.5 Internal Infections and Behavioral Changes -- 3.5 PARASITE TRANSMISSION -- 3.5.1 Parasite-Induced Host Behavior Changes -- 3.5.2 Shedding -- 3.5.3 Predatory-Prey Relationships.

3.5.4 Host-Seeking Behavior -- 3.5.5 Vectors -- 3.5.6 Sexually Transmitted Parasites -- 3.5.7 Hormonal Manipulation -- 3.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Prophylactic and Prevention Methods Against Diseases in Aquaculture -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 GENERAL DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL METHODS -- 4.2.1 Quality Seeds -- 4.2.2 Culture Hygiene -- 4.2.3 Water Quality Parameters -- 4.2.4 Nutrition -- 4.2.4.1 Vitamins -- 4.2.4.2 Minerals -- 4.2.4.3 Proteins -- 4.2.4.4 Lipids and Sterols -- 4.2.4.5 Carbohydrates -- 4.2.5 Chemicals Used to Control Diseases -- 4.2.5.1 Disinfectants -- 4.2.5.2 Antiparasitic -- 4.2.5.3 Antibiotics -- 4.3 BIOLOGICS -- 4.3.1 Vaccines -- 4.3.1.1 Types -- 4.3.1.2 Vaccination Methods -- 4.3.1.3 Current Status and Future Perspectives -- 4.3.2 Immunostimulants -- 4.3.2.1 Sources -- 4.3.2.1.1 Plant-derived Immunostimulants -- 4.3.2.1.2 Microbial-derived Immunostimulants -- 4.3.2.1.3 Algal-Derived Immunostimulants -- 4.3.2.1.4 Synthetic Immunostimulants -- 4.3.2.1.5 Animals and Other Sources -- 4.3.2.2 Mechanism of Action of Immunostimulants -- 4.3.2.3 Future Prospects -- 4.3.3 Probiotics -- 4.4 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Integrated Pathogen Management Strategies in Fish Farming -- 5.1 THE CONCEPT: WHAT ARE INTEGRATED PATHOGEN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND WHY DOES AQUACULTURE NEED THEM? -- 5.2 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS, THE KEY FOR IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING OF PATHOGENS -- 5.3 MODELING DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND RISK ASSESSMENT -- 5.3.1 Risk Factors -- 5.3.2 Disease Modeling -- 5.4 PREVENTION STRATEGIES IN FISH FARMING -- 5.4.1 Management of Environmental Risks -- 5.4.1.1 Management of Water -- 5.4.1.2 Management of Farming Conditions -- 5.4.1.2.1 Site Location and Timing of Site Use -- 5.4.1.2.2 Removal/Reduction of Biofouling -- 5.4.1.2.3 Minimizing Contact With Wild Fauna.

5.4.1.2.4 Reducing Contact With the Pathogen -- 5.4.2 Management of Host Risks -- 5.4.2.1 Management of Farming Conditions -- 5.4.2.2 Exploitation of the Immune System -- 5.5 TREATMENT STRATEGIES IN FISH FARMING -- 5.5.1 Chemical Control -- 5.5.1.1 Antibiotics -- 5.5.1.2 Parasiticides -- 5.5.1.3 Other Chemicals -- 5.5.2 Biological Control -- 5.5.2.1 Cleaner Fish -- 5.5.2.2 Microorganisms -- 5.5.2.3 Filter-Feeding Organisms -- 5.5.3 Physical Control -- 5.6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- III - Environment -- 6 - General Relationship Between Water Quality and Aquaculture Performance in Ponds -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 WATER QUALITY-AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH INTERACTIONS -- 6.2.1 Stress -- 6.2.2 Toxicity -- 6.2.3 Optimum Ranges -- 6.2.4 Avoiding Diseases -- 6.3 MANAGEMENT AND WATER QUALITY -- 6.4 WATER QUALITY-RELATED STRESSORS -- 6.4.1 Temperature and Salinity -- 6.4.2 pH -- 6.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen -- 6.4.4 Carbon Dioxide -- 6.4.5 Ammonia -- 6.4.6 Hydrogen Sulfide -- 6.4.7 Gas Supersaturation -- 6.4.8 Toxic Algae -- 6.4.9 Ionic Imbalance -- 6.5 WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT -- 6.5.1 Alkalinity and pH -- 6.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen -- 6.5.3 Nitrogenous Metabolites -- 6.5.4 Hydrogen Sulfide -- 6.5.5 Toxic Algae -- 6.5.6 Gas Supersaturation -- 6.5.7 Ionic Imbalance -- 6.6 Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Water Quality-Disease Relationship on Commercial Fish Farms -- 7.1 WATER TEMPERATURE -- 7.1.1 Etiology -- 7.1.2 Mechanism of Action -- 7.1.3 Clinical Symptoms -- 7.1.4 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms -- 7.1.5 Diagnosis -- 7.1.6 Prevention -- 7.2 WATER PH -- 7.2.1 Etiology -- 7.2.2 Mechanism of Action and Toxicity -- 7.2.3 The Impact of Water pH on the Toxicity of Some Substances -- 7.2.4 Clinical Symptoms -- 7.2.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms -- 7.2.6 Diagnosis -- 7.2.7 Therapy -- 7.2.8 Prevention.

7.3 OXYGEN -- 7.3.1 Etiology and Mechanism of Action -- 7.3.2 The Impact of Dissolved Oxygen Level on the Toxicity of Selected Substances -- 7.3.3 Clinical Symptoms -- 7.3.4 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms -- 7.3.5 Diagnosis -- 7.3.6 Therapy -- 7.3.7 Prevention -- 7.4 AMMONIA -- 7.4.1 Etiology -- 7.4.2 Mechanism of Action -- 7.4.3 Toxicity -- 7.4.4 Clinical Symptoms -- 7.4.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms -- 7.4.6 Diagnosis -- 7.4.7 Therapy -- 7.4.8 Prevention -- 7.5 NITRITE -- 7.5.1 Etiology -- 7.5.2 Mechanism of Action -- 7.5.3 Toxicity -- 7.5.4 Clinical Symptoms -- 7.5.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms -- 7.5.6 Diagnosis -- 7.5.7 Therapy -- 7.5.8 Prevention -- 7.6 CHLORINE -- 7.6.1 Etiology -- 7.6.2 Mechanism of Action -- 7.6.3 Toxicity -- 7.6.4 Clinical Symptoms -- 7.6.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms -- 7.6.6 Diagnosis -- 7.6.7 Therapy -- 7.6.8 Prevention -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Stress and Disease in Fish -- 8.1 STRESS AND DISEASE -- 8.1.1 What Is Stress? The Impact of Stress on Aquaculture -- 8.1.2 Physiological Effects and Relationship to Disease -- 8.1.2.1 Stress: A Three-Stage Model -- 8.1.2.2 Allostasis -- 8.1.2.3 Stress and the Immune System -- 8.1.2.4 Stress and Metabolism -- 8.1.2.5 Stress and Ion Homeostasis -- 8.1.3 Endocrine Control and Mediators -- 8.1.3.1 Cortisol and Glucocorticoids -- 8.1.3.2 Other Factors of the HPI Axis -- 8.1.3.3 The Adrenergic System -- 8.1.3.4 The Somatotropin Family -- 8.1.4 Gene Network and Regulation Linking the Immune System to Disease Resistance -- 8.1.4.1 Innate Immunity -- 8.1.4.2 Acquired Immunity -- 8.1.4.3 Stress and Immune-Associated Disease -- 8.1.5 Stress Management -- 8.1.6 Conclusions -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Planning a Fish-Health Program -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.1.1 Formulating a Fish-Health Management Plan at the Farm/Facility Level.

9.2 FISH DISEASE-PREVENTION PLAN DURING THE FACILITY SITE SELECTION, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION.