Front Cover -- Polymeric Nanomaterials In Nanotherapeutics -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Polymeric Nanomaterials: Recent Developments, Properties and Medical Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Nanomedicines/Nanotherapeutics and Nanoformulations -- 1.2.1 Polymer Nanotherapeutics -- 1.2.1.1 Polymers as drugs -- 1.2.1.2 Polymeric nanosystems -- 1.2.1.3 Polymeric nanoparticles -- 1.2.1.4 Polymer-drug conjugates -- 1.2.1.5 Polymeric micelles -- 1.2.1.6 Nanogels -- 1.2.1.7 Dendrimers -- 1.2.1.8 Nanoemulsions -- 1.2.1.9 Polyplexes -- 1.2.1.10 Polymersomes -- 1.2.1.11 Viruses -- 1.2.1.12 Multifunctional nanoparticles -- 1.2.1.13 Multiplex nanoparticles -- 1.2.1.14 Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials -- 1.3 Stealth Strategies to Improve Therapeutic Efficacy of Drug Nanocarriers -- 1.3.1 Synthetic Polymers -- 1.3.2 Biopolymers -- 1.3.3 Biologically Inspired Stealth Strategies -- 1.4 Nanomaterials: Physicochemical Properties and Risk Assessment -- 1.4.1 Size, Shape, and Morphology of Nanoparticles -- 1.4.2 Composition -- 1.4.3 Surface Characteristics -- 1.4.4 Sterility and Pyrogenicity -- 1.4.5 Biodistribution (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) -- 1.4.6 In Vitro Stability and Degradation -- 1.4.7 In Vitro Drug Release and In Vivo Digestion -- 1.4.8 In Vivo Tests -- 1.4.9 Toxicity and Risk Assessment -- 1.5 Applications -- 1.5.1 Nanomolecular Diagnostics or "Nanodiagnostics" -- 1.5.2 Nanobiosensors -- 1.5.3 Nanodevices for Drug Delivery -- 1.5.4 Tools for Nanosurgery/Nanorobotics -- 1.5.5 Therapeutic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Nanooncology -- 1.5.6 Nanoneurology -- 1.5.7 Nanocardiology -- 1.5.8 Nanodentistry -- 1.5.9 Nanoorthopedics -- 1.5.10 Nanoophthalmology -- 1.5.11 Antimicrobial Nanomedicine -- 1.5.12 Personalized Medicine -- 1.6 States of Some Nanotherapeutics.

1.6.1 Approved Polymeric or Polymers Containing "Nanopharmaceuticals" -- 1.6.1.1 Abraxane case -- 1.6.2 Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics in Clinical Trials and in the Research Stage -- 1.7 Challenges and Future Trends -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 Responsive Polymeric Nanotherapeutics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 External Stimuli-Sensitive Nanosystems -- 2.2.1 Electrical-Responsive Polymeric Nanosystems -- 2.2.2 Magnetic-Responsive Polymeric Nanosystems -- 2.2.3 Temperature-Responsive Polymeric Nanosystems -- 2.2.3.1 Thermo-sensitive micelles -- 2.2.3.2 Thermo-sensitive nanogels -- 2.2.3.3 Thermo-sensitive nanoparticles -- 2.2.3.4 Thermo-sensitive polymer-modified nanoliposomes -- 2.2.4 Ultrasound-Sensitive Systems -- 2.2.5 Light-Responsive Polymeric Nanosystems -- 2.2.5.1 Light-sensitive micelles -- 2.2.5.2 Light-sensitive nanogels -- 2.2.5.3 Light-sensitive nanoparticles -- 2.2.5.4 Near-infrared responsiveness -- 2.2.6 Radiation -- 2.3 Internal Stimuli-Sensitive Nanosystems: Bioresponsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.1 Tumor pH-Responsive Polymeric Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.2 Tumor Extracellular Enzyme-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.3 Endo/Lysosomal pH-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.4 Glutathione-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.5 Lysosomal Enzyme-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.6 Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.7 Adenosine Triphosphate-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.8 Glucose-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.3.9 Internal Thermo-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.4 Responsive Dendrimers -- 2.5 Dual-Responsive Nanotherapeutics -- 2.6 Functionalization of Nanoparticles to Create Stimuli Responsiveness -- 2.6.1 Bulk Modifications -- 2.6.2 Surface Modification -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Nanorobots With Applications in Medicine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Design of Nanorobots -- 3.2.1 Propulsion Mechanism.

3.2.2 Powering the Nanorobotic System -- 3.2.3 Control and Navigation -- 3.3 Classification of the Nanorobotic Systems -- 3.3.1 Bio-nanorobotic Systems -- 3.3.2 Magnetically Driven Nanorobotic Systems -- 3.3.3 Nanorobotic Manipulators -- 3.3.4 Bacterial Nanorobotic Systems -- 3.4 Medical Applications of Nanorobots -- 3.4.1 Nanorobots as Cellular Assistants in Inflammatory Responses -- 3.4.2 Nanorobots for Monitoring Diabetes and Controlling Glucose Level -- 3.4.3 Nanorobots in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis -- 3.4.4 Nanorobots as Antiparasite Systems -- 3.4.5 Nanorobots for the Nervous System -- 3.4.6 Applications of Nanorobots in Ophthalmology -- 3.4.7 Nanorobots in Cancer Treatment -- 3.4.8 Nanorobots With Applications in Gene Therapy -- 3.4.9 Nanorobots for Tissue Engineering -- 3.4.10 Nanorobots for Dental Applications -- 3.4.11 Nanorobots in Heart Disease Therapy -- 3.4.12 Nanorobots as Drug-Delivery Systems -- 3.4.13 Other Nanorobot Applications -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Polymeric Nanobiosensors -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Polymeric Materials Used in Biosensors -- 4.2.1 Conducting Polymers-based Biosensors -- 4.2.2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotube-based Biosensors -- 4.2.3 Functionalized Quantum Dots Used in Biosensors -- 4.2.4 Implantable Biosensors -- 4.2.5 Biomimetic Sensors -- 4.2.5.1 Biomolecule-based biosensors -- 4.2.5.2 Biomimetic sensors based on molecularly imprinted membranes -- 4.3 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References -- 5 Nanomaterials Derived From Phosphorus-Containing Polymers: Diversity of Structures and Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Synthetic Approaches to Phosphorus-Containing Polymers -- 5.2.1 Polycondensation Processes -- 5.2.2 Ring-Opening Polymerization -- 5.2.3 ROP in Combination With Other Polymerization Techniques -- 5.2.4 Metathesis Polymerization -- 5.2.5 Postpolymerization Modifications.

5.2.5.1 Modifications of the P-center of poly(alkylene H-phosphonate)s -- 5.2.5.2 Modifications of the side chains of P-containing polymers -- 5.3 Nanomaterials Derived From Phosphorus-Containing Polymers -- 5.3.1 Self-assembly of Amphiphilic Phosphorus-Containing Copolymers -- 5.3.1.1 Micellar structures with shell from hydrophilic PPEs -- 5.3.1.2 Micellar structures with core from hydrophobic PPEs -- 5.3.1.3 Micellar structures derived from co-PPEs -- 5.3.1.4 PPZ-based micelles -- 5.3.1.5 Stimuli-responsive micelles based on P-containing polymers -- 5.3.1.6 Nano-assemblies from PPE-drug conjugates or complexes -- 5.3.2 Solid Nanoparticles, Nanocapsules, and Nanogels -- 5.4 Biorelated Properties -- 5.4.1 Biodegradability -- 5.4.2 Biocompatibility -- 5.4.2.1 Cytotoxicity and hemotoxicity -- 5.4.2.2 Protein adsorption and the "stealth" effect -- 5.5 Nanotherapeutic Applications -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- 6 Nucleic Acids-based Bionanomaterials for Drug and Gene Therapy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nanotechnology Applications in Nucleic Acid Delivery and Gene Therapies -- 6.3 Strategies for Obtaining Nucleic Acids-based Nanotherapeutics -- 6.3.1 Condensation of DNA With Polymeric Nanomaterials -- 6.3.1.1 Peptide-based polymers for DNA condensation -- 6.3.1.2 Poly(ethylenimine)-based nanoparticles for gene delivery -- 6.3.1.3 Chitosan-based nanoparticles for DNA condensation -- 6.3.1.4 Polyamine ester nanoparticles for DNA condensation -- 6.3.1.5 Photoresponsive nanoparticles for DNA condensation -- 6.3.2 Encapsulating DNA in Polymeric Nanostructures -- 6.3.3 Binding of Nucleic Acids to Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 6.3.4 Self-Assembly of Nucleic Acids -- 6.4 U.S. Food & Drug Administration-Approved Cellular and Gene Therapy Products -- 6.5 Conclusions and Future Trends -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further Reading.

7 Electrospun Polymeric Nanostructures With Applications in Nanomedicine -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Electrospinning Applications -- 7.2.1 Drug-Releasing Systems -- 7.2.2 Electrospun Wound-Dressing Nanofibers Containing Active Substances in the Form of Nanoparticles -- 7.2.3 Electrospun Formulation Containing Silver Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Coatings for Biomedical Applications -- 7.2.4 Stimuli-Responsive Electrospun Meshes -- 7.2.5 Effect of the Drug Crystallinity on Drug Delivery From Electrospun Nanostructures -- 7.2.6 Burst Prevention by Electrospinning of Drug-Delivery Systems -- 7.2.7 Drug Release Controlled by Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Polymers -- 7.2.8 Effects of the Bead-on-String Morphologies -- 7.2.9 Effect of the Biphasic Release -- 7.2.10 Miscellaneous -- 7.3 Applications of Aligned Nanofibers -- 7.4 Applications of the Electrospun Nanofibers as Tubular Scaffolds and Neural Tissue Engineering -- 7.5 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References -- Further Reading -- 8 Nanocoatings: Preparation, Properties, and Biomedical Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Definition and Preparation Methods of Nanocoatings -- 8.2.1 Chemical and Physical Vapor Deposition -- 8.2.2 Spray Coating -- 8.2.3 Sol-Gel Process -- 8.2.4 Electrospinning -- 8.2.5 Self-Assembly -- 8.2.6 Extrusion -- 8.3 Application of Nanocoatings in Biomedical Fields -- 8.3.1 Antimicrobial Coatings -- 8.3.2 Nanocoatings for Biomedical Implants -- 8.3.3 Stent Coatings -- 8.3.4 Surgical Tools -- 8.3.5 Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Surfaces -- 8.3.6 Nanocoatings in Drug Delivery -- 8.3.7 Tissue Engineering -- 8.4 Conclusion and Future Trends -- References -- Further Reading -- 9 Functionalization of Polymer Materials for Medical Applications Using Chitosan Nanolayers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chemical Structure of Chitosan -- 9.2.1 Chitosan Derivatives.

9.2.1.1 N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan.