While transference has been a cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory and practice since its inception, little empirical research has investigated how individual differences affect transference robustness. The present study examined the relationship between mindfulness and transference robustness by using an experimental social-cognitive paradigm used for testing the influence of significant other prototypes on memory. Furthermore, a novel modification to this paradigm was tested in an attempt to probe splitting in the transference. It was hypothesized that greater mindfulness would be associated with less robust transference and that transference robustness would mediate the relationship between mindfulness and empathy as well as the relationship between mindfulness and interpersonal distress. A sample of 176 undergraduate and graduate students at a culturally diverse urban university was collected. Participants completed an online study in which they generated descriptors of three significant others. Participants were then asked to participate in a purportedly unrelated study approximately two weeks later in which they were shown and then asked to recall descriptions of "strangers," some of whom were made to resemble their significant others, as well as complete self-report measures of mindfulness, empathy, and interpersonal distress. There was a significant transference effect in the overall sample, and greater degrees of mindfulness were significantly correlated with less robust transference effects. Exploratory analyses revealed significant indirect effects of empathy on transference through mindfulness, and interpersonal distress on transference through mindfulness, as well as non-reactivity to inner experience as an important facet in the relationship between mindfulness and transference. Potential implications are discussed.