Proportionality and the progressive loss of mitigation : some further reflections / Andrew von Hirsch -- First-offender sentencing discounts : exploring the justifications / Julian V. Roberts -- Recidivism, retributivism, and the lapse theory of previous convictions / Jesper Ryberg -- Repeat offenders and the question of desert / Youngjae lee -- 'More to apologise for' : can we find a basis for the recidivist premium in a communicative theory of punishment? / Chris Bennett -- The questionable relevance of previous convictions to punishments for later crimes / Michael Tonry -- Prior-conviction sentencing enhancements : rationales and limits based on retributive and utilitarian proportionality principles and social equality goals / Richard S. Frase -- The illusion of proportionality : desert and repeat offenders / Kevin R. Reitz -- Dimensions of criminal history : reflections on theory and practice / Martin Wasik -- The role of previous convictions in England and Wales / Estella Baker and Andrew Ashworth -- Previous convictions and proportionate punishment under swedish law -- Peter Asp -- Assessing the impact of a recidivist sentencing premium on crime and recidivism rates / Lila Kazemian.