Front cover -- Expert Consult ad -- Endosonography -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Table of Contents -- second half-title page -- I Basics of EUS -- 1 Principles of Ultrasound -- Key Points -- Basic Ultrasound Physics -- Wavelength, Frequency, and Velocity -- Density, Compressibility, and Bulk Modulus -- Ultrasound Interactions in Tissue -- Reflection -- Refraction -- Scattering -- Absorption -- Ultrasound Intensity -- Basics of Ultrasound Instrumentation -- Transducers -- Single-Element Transducers -- Focusing. -- Arrays. -- Processors -- Transmit/Receive -- System Gain and Time Gain Compensation -- Signal Processor -- Imaging Principles -- Resolution -- Axial Resolution -- Lateral Resolution -- Elevation Resolution -- A-Mode Scanning -- B-Mode Imaging -- Doppler -- Continuous-Wave Doppler -- Pulsed-Wave Doppler -- Color Doppler -- Power Doppler -- Imaging Artifacts -- Reverberation -- Reflection (Mirror Image) -- Acoustic Shadowing -- Through Transmission -- Tangential Scanning -- Side Lobe Artifacts -- Endoscopic Ultrasound Elastography -- Contrast-Enhanced Harmonic Imaging -- Summary -- References -- 2 Equipment -- Key Points -- Introduction -- Establishing an EUS Service -- Equipment -- General -- Radial Echoendoscopes -- Linear Scopes -- EUS Processors -- Specialty Probes -- Esophagus and Stomach -- Mini-Probes -- Colon and Anorectum -- Accessories -- Needles for FNA -- Cook -- Boston Scientific -- Olympus -- Mediglobe -- Beacon -- Balloons -- Water Pump -- Reporting Systems -- Archiving -- Choosing Equipment -- 3 Training and Simulators -- Key Points -- Guidelines for Training -- Training Program Requirements -- Credentialing in EUS -- Mucosal Tumors -- Subepithelial Abnormalities -- Pancreaticobiliary Imaging -- EUS-Guided FNA -- Advanced and Interventional EUS.

Comprehensive EUS Competence -- Recredentialing and Renewal of EUS Privileges -- Simulators in Endoscopic Ultrasound -- Summary -- References -- 4 Indications, Preparation, and Adverse Effects -- Key Points -- Indications -- Diagnostic Imaging -- Tumor Staging -- Tissue Acquisition -- Therapy -- Contraindications -- Patient Preparation -- General Measures -- Laboratory Studies -- Medications -- Daily Medications -- Prophylactic Antibiotics -- Risk of Bacteremia and Antibiotic Recommendations for Other Endoscopic Procedures. -- EUS Studies. -- Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents -- Warfarin -- New Oral Anticoagulants -- Heparins -- Aspirin and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine -- Risks and Adverse Effects -- Perforation -- Bleeding -- Infection -- Pancreatitis -- Other -- References -- 5 New Techniques in EUS: -- Key Points -- Real-Time EUS Elastography -- Technical Details -- Clinical Applications -- Lymph Nodes -- Pancreatic Masses -- Other Applications -- Future Techniques -- Contrast-Enhanced EUS -- Technical Details -- Clinical Applications -- Pancreatic Masses -- Other Applications -- Future Techniques -- Fusion Imaging -- References -- II Mediastinum -- 6 How to Perform EUS in the Esophagus and Mediastinum -- Esophagus -- Mediastinum -- Radial Echoendoscope -- Linear Array Echoendoscope -- How to Examine the Adrenal Glands -- Summary -- Reference -- 7 EUS and EBUS in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer -- Key Points -- EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration for the Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer -- General Procedure -- Biopsy of Intrapulmonary Tumors -- Mediastinal Tumor Invasion (T4) -- Mediastinal Nodal Staging by EUS -- Diagnostic Reach -- EUS versus EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration -- Accuracy of Mediastinal Staging -- Assessment of Distant Metastases.

EBUS Transbronchial Needle Aspiration for the Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer -- EBUS Procedure -- Diagnosing Intrapulmonary Tumors by EBUS -- Nodal Staging by EBUS -- Impact of Endosonography on Patient Management -- Preventing Mediastinoscopies -- Reducing Unnecessary Thoracotomies -- Endosonography versus Other Mediastinal Staging Methods -- Complete Echoendoscopic Staging -- Position of EUS and EBUS in Lung Cancer Staging Algorithms -- Future Perspectives -- References -- 8 EUS in Esophageal Cancer -- Key Points -- Importance of Staging -- EUS, CT Scan and PET SCAN -- Equipment -- Echoendoscopes -- High-Frequency Catheter Probes (HFCP) -- Blind Probes -- Technique -- Patient Preparation -- Radial Endosonography -- High-Frequency Catheter Probes -- Esophageal Dilation and Alternatives -- Finding and Evaluating the Celiac Axis -- Evaluation of the Liver -- Staging of Malignant Strictures -- T Stage -- N Stage -- M Stage -- EUS in Superficial Cancer and Barrett's Esophagus -- EUS-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Celiac and Peri-Intestinal Lymph Nodes -- Controversies in EUS Staging -- Role and limitation of EUS Following Neoadjuvant Therapy -- Impact of EUS on Survival in Patients with Esophageal Cancer -- Summary -- Reference -- 9 EUS in the Evaluation of Posterior Mediastinal Lesions -- Key Points -- EUS Evaluation of Enlarged Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes -- EUS Appearance of Benign Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes -- EUS Appearance of Malignant Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes -- Transesophageal EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes -- Technique for EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration of Posterior Mediastinal Lesions -- Endobronchial Ultrasound -- Accuracy of EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration for Diagnosing Posterior Mediastinal Lesions -- Risks of EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration of Posterior Mediastinal Lesions.

EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration Compared with Other Modalities for Evaluation and Biopsy of Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes or Masses -- Differential Diagnosis of Enlarged Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes -- Malignant Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes -- Metastatic Disease from Thoracic Tumors -- Lung Cancer -- Mesothelioma -- Metastatic Disease from Extrathoracic Malignancy -- Lymphoma -- Benign Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes -- Reactive Lymph Nodes -- Granulomatous Lymph Nodes -- Sarcoid -- Histoplasmosis -- Tuberculosis -- Other Infections -- Eosinophilic Esophagitis -- Impact of EUS Fine-Needle Aspiration of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes on Subsequent Thoracic Surgery Rates -- Mediastinal Masses -- Malignant Posterior Mediastinal Masses -- Neurogenic Tumors -- Leiomyoma and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors -- Mesothelioma -- Benign Posterior Mediastinal Masses -- Mediastinal Cysts -- Mediastinal Abscess and Mediastinitis -- Pleural Effusions -- Summary -- References -- III Stomach -- 10 How to Perform EUS in the Stomach -- Summary -- 11 Subepithelial Lesions -- Key Points -- Comparison of Accuracy between EUS and Other Imaging Modalities -- Extramural Lesions -- Evaluation of Subepithelial Lesions -- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor -- Aberrant Pancreas -- Lipoma -- Carcinoid Tumor -- Granular Cell Tumor -- Cysts Including Duplication Cyst -- Varices -- Inflammatory Fibroid Polyps -- Glomus Tumor -- Rare Lesions -- Tissue Sampling for Histologic Assessment of Subepithelial Lesions -- Management of Subepithelial Lesions -- Summary -- References -- 12 EUS in the Evaluation of Gastric Tumors -- Key Points -- Gastric Cancer -- Role of EUS -- Echoendoscopes -- Examination Techniques for Tumor Staging -- T Staging -- N Staging -- M Staging -- Accuracy of EUS in Staging -- T Staging -- N Staging -- M Staging -- Limitations of EUS in Staging.

Comparison of EUS with Other Imaging Modalities -- EUS in the Management of Gastric Cancer -- Selection of Patients for Endoscopic Resection -- Improved Patient Selection for Staging Laparoscopy -- Predictor of Survival After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy -- EUS-Detected Low-Volume Ascites as a Predictor of Inoperability -- Primary Gastric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma -- Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma -- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma -- Role of EUS in MALT Lymphoma -- Examination Technique and Disease Correlates -- T Staging -- N Staging -- Accuracy of EUS in Staging MALT Lymphoma -- Role of EUS in Predicting Response to Therapy -- Role of EUS in Clinical Follow-Up -- Limitations of Staging EUS -- EUS-Based Workup -- Evaluation of Thickened Gastric Folds at EUS -- Linitis Plastica -- Ménétrier's Disease -- EUS and Large Gastric Folds -- EUS-Based Workup -- References -- IV Pancreas and Biliary Tree -- 13 How to Perform EUS in the Pancreas, Bile Duct, and Liver -- Pancreas -- Evaluation of the Body and Tail of the Pancreas -- Radial Echoendoscopes -- Linear Echoendoscopes -- Evaluation of the Head and Uncinate Regions of the Pancreas -- Head of the Pancreas -- Radial Echoendoscopes. -- Linear Echoendoscopes. -- Papilla -- Radial Echoendoscopes. -- Linear Echoendoscopes. -- Uncinate -- Radial Echoendoscopes. -- Linear Echoendoscopes. -- Bile Duct -- Liver -- 14 EUS in Inflammatory Disease of the Pancreas -- Key Points -- Introduction -- The Noninflamed Pancreas on EUS -- Chronic Pancreatitis Diagnosis and Staging -- Defining the Criteria and Identifying Them Reliably -- Reproducibility and Interobserver Agreement -- How Many Criteria Should Be Sought? How Many Is Too Many? -- Calcific Disease -- Noncalcific Disease -- Interpreting Degree of Certainty of Chronic Pancreatitis -- Adjusting Thresholds for Demographics.

Accuracy and Test Performance.