Front Cover -- Recent Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biochemistry -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Section 1: Medical Microbiology and Biochemistry -- Chapter 1: Recent Findings of Lactobacillus Diversity and Their Functional Role in Vaginal Ecosystems -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Vaginal (Birth Canal) Microbial Community -- 1.3 Lactobacillus -Dominated Vaginal Microbiota -- 1.4 Geographical Diversity of Vaginal Lactobacillus -- 1.5 Functional Diversity in Vaginal Lactobacillus -- 1.5.1 Production of Inhibitory Substances -- 1.5.2 Blocking of Adhesion Sites -- 1.5.3 Lactobacillus Induced Immunity -- 1.5.4 Lactobacillus -Antiviral Activity -- 1.5.5 Lactobacillus in Cancer Treatment and Management -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Role of Maternal Microorganisms in the Development of the Immune System -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Human Microbiota -- 2.3 Early Microbiota in Infants -- 2.4 Maternal Immune System During Pregnancy -- 2.5 Microbial Changes During Pregnancy and Birth -- 2.6 Maternal Microbiome Influence on Development of Neonatal Immune System -- 2.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective -- References -- Chapter 3: Microbial Proteomics and Their Importance in Medical Microbiology -- 3.1 In troduction -- 3.2 Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions and Infectious Diseases -- 3.3 Clinical Microbiology and Current Problems -- 3.4 Role of MALDI-TOF- in Diagnosis -- 3.5 Role of Proteomics in Medical Microbiological Research and Diagnosis -- 3.6 Importance of MALDI-TOF MS in Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms -- 3.7 Role of Proteomics in Development of Therapy and Vaccine -- 3.8 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interests -- References -- Chapter 4: Importance of Probiotics in Cancer Prevention and Treatment -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Probiotics and Possible Mechanisms in Cancer Prevention and Management -- 4.2.1 Lactobacillus -- 4.2.1.1 A Couple of In Vivo Studies -- 4.2.2 Lactococcus -- 4.2.3 Bifidobacterium -- 4.3 Nutrition, Diet, and Risk Assessment -- 4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5: Recent Developments in the Prevention of Obesity by Using Microorganisms -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Human Microbial World -- 5.1.2 Obesity Scenario -- 5.1.3 Existing AntiObesity Drugs -- 5.1.4 Basis of Obesity -- 5.2 Digestion of Fat Foods -- 5.3 Gut Microbes: Role in Human Health -- 5.3.1 Alterations in Gut Microbiota: Obesity -- 5.4 Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Obesity -- 5.4.1 Role of Prebiotics -- 5.4.2 Role of Probiotics -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6: Emerging Trends in the Development of Plant Virus-Based Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Icosahedral PVNs -- 6.2.1 Brome Mosaic Virus -- 6.2.2 Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus -- 6.2.3 Cowpea Mosaic Virus -- 6.2.4 Other Icosahedral PVNs -- 6.3 Helical PVNs -- 6.3.1 Tobacco Mosaic Virus -- 6.3.2 Potato Virus X -- 6.3.3 Other Helical PVNs -- 6.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7: Functional and Protective Role of Neutralizing Antibodies (NAbs) Against Viral Infections -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Virus Neutralization: Definition -- 7.3 Mechanisms of Neutralization -- 7.4 Host Immune Responses to HIV -- 7.4.1 Binding Antibodies -- 7.4.2 Antibodies That Mediate Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)/Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Viral Inhi ... -- 7.4.3 Neutralizing Antibodies -- 7.5 Classification of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies -- 7.6 Major Target Sites of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies on the Envelope of HIV-1 -- 7.6.1 CD4 Binding Site (CD4BS).

7.6.2 V1/V2 Loopglycansin the Quaternary Envelope of HIV-1 -- 7.6.3 V3 Loop Glycanin the Quaternary Envelope of HIV-1 -- 7.6.4 Membrane Proximal External Region (MPER) -- 7.6.5 gp120/gp41 Interface Region -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of interests -- References -- Section 2: Microbial Biotechnology -- Chapter 8: Recent Advances in the Industrial Production of l -Lysine by Bacteria -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Production Statistics of l -Lysine -- 8.3 l -Lysine and the Aspartate Family -- 8.4 Feedback Regulation in Different Bacteria -- 8.5 Historical Background and Methods of Lysine Production -- 8.6 Industrial Production of l -Lysine-Types of Fermentation Processes Used -- 8.7 Advances and Developments in the Raw Material and Production Strain Choices That Determine Effective l -Lysine Produ ... -- 8.8 Application of Genetic Tools and Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Increase Industrial Production of l -Lysine -- 8.9 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of interests -- References -- Chapter 9: Emerging Trends in the Industrial Production of Chemical Products by Microorganisms -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Breakthrough in Enabling Technologies -- 9.2.1 Microarray Technology -- 9.3 Products of Microbial Conversions -- 9.3.1 Biofuels -- 9.3.2 Biorefineries -- 9.3.3 Bioplastics -- 9.3.4 Biocatalysts -- 9.3.5 Biocatalysis -- 9.4 Advantages -- 9.5 Examples for Biocatalysis Reactions -- 9.5.1 Oxidoreductases -- 9.5.2 Hydrolases -- 9.5.3 Lyases -- 9.5.4 Transferase -- 9.5.5 Isomerases -- 9.5.6 Ligases -- 9.5.7 Amination -- 9.6 Microbial Production of Organic Acids -- 9.6.1 Polylactic Acid -- 9.6.2 Citric Acid -- 9.6.3 Lactic Acid -- 9.6.4 Succinic Acid -- 9.7 Microbial Production of Amino Acids -- 9.7.1 l -Threonine -- 9.7.2 l -Tyrosine -- 9.7.3 l -Valine -- 9.7.4 l -Phenylalanine -- 9.8 Conclusion.

Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of interests -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10: Current Advances in the Protection of Viral Diseases in Aquaculture With Special Reference to Vaccination -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Recent Viral Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Fish -- 10.2.1 Spread of Virus -- 10.2.2 Transmission of Virus -- 10.2.3 Recent Viral Disease Outbreaks -- 10.2.4 Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS) -- 10.2.5 Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) -- 10.2.6 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) -- 10.2.7 Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) -- 10.2.8 Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC) -- 10.2.9 Pancreas Disease (PD) -- 10.3 Ontogeny of the Fish Immune System -- 10.3.1 Immunity of Farmed Fish to Viral Diseases -- 10.3.2 Innate Antiviral Responses -- 10.3.3 Immune Enhancement Through Feed Additives -- 10.4 Vaccination of Fish -- 10.4.1 Therapeutics for Viral Diseases of Farmed Fish -- 10.5 Importance of Probiotics to Treat Viral Diseases -- 10.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of interests -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11: Comparative Biochemistry and Kinetics of Microbial Lignocellulolytic Enzymes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Lignocellulose Degradation by Fungi -- 11.3 Lignocellulolytic Enzyme-Producing Fungi -- 11.3.1 Cellulases Production -- 11.3.2 Laccases -- 11.3.3 Manganese Peroxidase -- 11.3.4 Lignin Peroxidase -- 11.4 Purification and Characterization of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes -- 11.4.1 Cellulase -- 11.4.2 Laccase -- 11.4.3 Manganese Peroxidase -- 11.4.4 Lignin Peroxidase -- 11.5 Kinetics of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes -- 11.5.1 Cellulase -- 11.5.2 Laccase -- 11.5.3 Manganese Peroxidase -- 11.5.4 Lignin Peroxidase -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12: Future Prospects of Biodiesel Production by Microalgae: A Short Review -- 12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Summary of Pathways for Microalgal Biodiesel/Fuel Production -- 12.3 Recent Insights Into the Development of Biodiesel Production From Microalgae and Future Prospects -- 12.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 13: Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for the Production of Various Food Products -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Role of Microorganisms in Food Industry -- 13.3 Importance of Genetic and Metabolically Engineered Microbes in Food Industry -- 13.3.1 Genetically Engineering of Microorganisms -- 13.3.1.1 Applications of Genetically Modified Microorganism (GMM) -- 13.3.2 Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms -- 13.3.2.1 Applications of Metabolically Modified Microorganisms (MMM) -- 13.4 Strategies involved in Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms -- 13.5 Recent Developments in the Production of Engineered Microbes in Food Industry -- 13.5.1 Cheese -- 13.5.2 Yogurt and Kefir -- 13.5.3 Baking -- 13.5.4 Fermented Vegetables -- 13.5.5 Meat Products -- 13.5.6 Dairy Flavoring Agents -- 13.5.7 Vitamins -- 13.5.8 Exopolysaccharides -- 13.5.9 Amino Acids -- 13.5.10 Organic Acids -- 13.6 Health Benefits of Various Microbial Food Products -- 13.7 Future Prospective -- 13.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section 3: Soil and Agriculture Microbiology -- Chapter 14: Effective Role of Microorganisms in Livestock Development -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Importance of Probiotics in Livestock Development -- 14.3 Role of Microorganisms in Ruminant Animals -- 14.4 Applications of Microbes/Probiotics in Other Animals -- 14.5 Other Applications of Microorganisms in Animal Production -- 14.5.1 Meat Quality -- 14.5.2 Feed -- 14.5.3 Role of Microorganisms During Stress in Animals -- 14.6 Possible Mechanism of Actions of Probiotics in Animals -- 14.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments.

Conflicts of Interests.