Front Cover -- Handbook of Vascular Motion -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Endorsements -- I. Tools for Quantifying Vascular Motion -- 1 Introduction -- Do Blood Vessels Move? -- Absence of Evidence is Not Evidence of Absence -- Importance of Vascular Motion -- 2 Deciding What Vascular Motions You Need -- Function and Accommodation -- Indication and Patient Population -- Cardiac Pulsatility -- Respiration and Valsalva -- Musculoskeletal Influences -- Body Position and Gravity -- Don't Reinvent the Wheel -- Animal Studies -- Cadaver Studies -- Clinical Studies -- Outside Partners -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 3 Medical Imaging Modalities and Protocols -- Medical Imaging Modalities -- X-Ray Transmission -- Acoustic and Light Reflection -- Magnetic Resonance -- Radiation Emission -- Imaging Based on Target -- Imaging Based on Type of Motion -- Imaging Based on Timescale and Periodicity -- Medical Imaging Protocols -- Contrast Injection and Acquisition Timing -- Computed Tomography Imaging Parameters -- Risk/Benefit -- Patient Recruitment and Imaging Challenges -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Geometric Modeling of Vasculature -- Imaging Processing Software -- Image Format and Viewing -- Image Segmentation and Editing -- Centerline Extraction -- Optimization of Geometric Modeling -- Identifying Branch Vessel Ostia -- Model Coregistration -- Vessel Surface Modeling -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Quantifying Vascular Deformations -- Defining and Utilizing Fiducial Markers -- Cross-Sectional Deformation -- Axial Length Deformation -- Bending Deformation -- Branch Angle Deformation -- Axial Twist Deformation -- Surface Curvature Deformation -- Conclusion -- References -- II. How the Blood Vessels Move -- 6 Coronary Arteries and Heart -- Coronary ANATOMY -- Coronary Artery Cross-Sectional Deformations.

Coronary Artery Axial, Bending, Twisting, and Bifurcation Angle Deformations -- Cardiac Anatomy -- Direct Measurement of Myocardial Motion and Deformation -- Myocardial Deformation Estimated From Coronary Artery Motion -- Aortic Valve Motion and Deformation -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Arteries of the Head and Neck -- Carotid Artery Anatomy -- Carotid Artery Motion from Cardiac Pulsatility -- Carotid Artery Diameter Changes -- Longitudinal Motion of the Carotid Artery -- Carotid Artery Motion from Musculoskeletal Movement with and without Medical Devices -- Vertebrobasilar Artery Anatomy -- Vertebrobasilar Artery Motion from Natural Musculoskeletal Movement -- Vertebrobasilar Artery Motion from Manipulation -- Vertebrobasilar Artery Motion Due to Medical Devices -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 Thoracic Aorta and Supra-Aortic Arch Branches -- Anatomy of Thoracic Aorta -- Thoracic Aorta -- Supra-Aortic Arch Branches -- Geometric Analysis Methods -- Pathologies of the Thoracic Aorta -- Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm -- Aortic Dissection -- Thoracic Aortic Deformations -- Native Thoracic Aortic Deformations -- Morphologic Alterations Due to Thoracic Aortic Endograft Placement -- Deformation Alterations Due to Thoracic Aortic Endograft Placement -- Long-Term Aortic Remodeling -- Pathologies of the Aortic Arch and Supra-Aortic Arch Branches -- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome -- Supra-Aortic Branch Vessel Aneurysm -- Aortic Arch Dissection -- Supra-Aortic Arch Branch Vessel Deformations -- Native Supra-Aortic Arch Branch Vessel Deformations -- Musculoskeletal Influences (Thoracic Outlet Syndrome) -- Morphologic Alterations Due to Thoracic Aortic Endograft Placement -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Abdominal Aorta and Renovisceral Arteries -- Anatomy of Abdominal Aorta -- Abdominal Aorta -- Renovisceral Arteries -- Geometric Analysis Methods.

Pathologies of the Abdominal Aorta -- Abdominal Aortic Deformations -- Cardiac Pulsatility Before and After Endograft Placement -- Musculoskeletal Influences -- Long-Term Aortic Remodeling after Endograft Placement -- Pathologies of the Renovisceral Arteries -- Renovisceral Artery Deformations -- Native Renovisceral Artery Motion -- Renovisceral Artery Motion after Complex Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Repair -- Acute and Long-Term Morphologic Alterations Due to Complex Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Repair -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Lower Extremity Arteries -- Iliac Artery -- Anatomy -- Motion From Pulsatility -- Motion From Musculoskeletal Movement -- Motion From External Influences -- Femoropopliteal Artery -- Anatomy -- Motion from Pulsatility -- Native Artery Deformations from Musculoskeletal Movement -- Stented Artery Deformations from Musculoskeletal Movement -- Cross-Sectional Compression -- Tibial Arteries -- Anatomy -- Tibial Artery Motion -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Veins of the Upper Body -- Upper Body Venous Anatomy -- Changes in Venous Anatomy With Posture -- Respiration and Its Effects on Venous Caliber -- Pathological Conditions and Venous Devices -- Central Line Movements With Respiration and Postural Change -- Deep Versus Superficial Fixation and the Effects of Body Habitus -- Complications of Device Placement -- Upper Limb Deep Venous Thrombosis -- Challenges of Vascular Access for Renal Replacement Therapies -- Arteriovenous Fistulae -- Arteriovenous Grafts -- Central Venous Catheters -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Inferior Vena Cava and Lower Extremity Veins -- Veins versus Arteries -- Inferior Vena Cava and Renal Veins -- Anatomy and Pathology -- Inferior Vena Cava Motion with Respiration -- Inferior Vena Cava Motion with Valsalva and Other Influences -- Nutcracker Syndrome -- Iliofemoral Veins.

Anatomy and Pathology -- Iliac Vein Deformation with Respiration and Valsalva -- Iliac Vein Compression from External Structures -- Iliofemoral Vein Deformation with Hip Joint Movement -- Femoropopliteal Veins -- Anatomy and Pathology -- Common Femoral Vein Deformations with Posture, Respiration, and Calf Contraction -- Femoropopliteal Vein Deformations from Musculoskeletal Influences -- Conclusion -- References -- III. Utilizing Vascular Motion Data and Implications -- 13 Developing Boundary Conditions for Device Design and Durability Evaluation -- Choosing Deformation Metrics -- Sample Statistics -- Defining the Duty Cycle -- Diametric Deformation Example -- Axial Length Deformation Example -- Bending Deformation Example -- Walking -- Stair-Climbing -- Other Deformations and Considerations -- Number and Frequency of Cycles -- Goldilocks Zone -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Device Design and Computational Simulation -- Since the Dawn of Stent Engineering -- Rapid Change -- The Product Development Process -- The Discovery Cycle -- Inspiration -- Goals and Constraints -- Engineering -- Fabrication -- Design Control and Engineering Specifications -- Simulation -- Finite Element Analysis -- Feasibility Screening -- Prototype and Test -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Evaluation of Mechanical Fatigue and Durability -- Principles of Fatigue and Durability Assessment -- Cardiovascular Implant Analysis and Testing Methods -- Case Study 1: Balloon-Expandable Stent -- Case Study 2: Nitinol Self-Expanding Stent -- Cardiac Pulse Pressures -- Musculoskeletal and Respiratory Motions -- Case Study 3: Structural Heart Implant Device -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Clinical Implications of Vascular Motion -- Clinical Consequences of Coronary Stent Fracture -- Clinical Consequences of Lower Extremity Artery Stent Fracture.

Clinical Consequences of Early Aortic Endograft Failures -- New Endografts: Are We Reliving Past Problems? -- Postimplantation Surveillance for Device Failure -- Example of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair -- Example of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention -- Conclusions on Surveillance Testing for Device Failure -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Product Development and Business Implications -- The Endurant Evo Experience -- So Close -- Transition Stent Fractures -- Root Cause Investigation -- Lessons Learned -- The TAG Experience -- Need and Expertise Come Together -- TAG 1.0 Design -- Spine Wire Fractures -- Incorrect Early Assumptions -- Improved Testing and Design -- Coordination of R& -- D and Sales Rollout -- Sales Call -- The Responsibility and Burden of R& -- D -- When R& -- D and Sales Meet -- Surprises With Early Endovascular Aortic Repair -- Biomechanical Loading Data Is Critical -- The Path Was Murky in the Early Days -- Lack of Understanding Led to Failures -- Knowledge and Devices Are Improving -- The Future Is Bright -- The Zilver PTX Experience -- The Wild West -- A Measured Approach to Boundary Conditions -- Thorough Mechanical Evaluation -- Improving Stent Performance -- Expand Success -- Stick with What Works -- Improvement without Change -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Conclusion and Future Directions -- Vasculature Mobility Is Important -- Fractures Do Not Equal Failures -- Vascular Deformations Beyond Mechanical Durability Testing -- Improving Mechanical Durability in a Pinch -- Conclusion -- References -- Acknowledgments -- About the Author -- Index -- Back Cover.