Cover -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- Chapter 1: Inflammatory Mediators Leading to Protein Misfolding and Uncompetitive/Fast Off-Rate Drug Therapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders -- I. Introduction -- II. Protein Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases -- III. Generation of RNS/ROS -- IV. Protein S-Nitrosylation and Neuronal Cell Death -- V. Parkin and the UPS -- VI. S-Nitrosylation and Parkin -- VII. The Unfolded Protein Response and PDI -- VIII. S-Nitrosylation of PDI Mediates Protein Misfolding and Neurotoxicity in Cell Models of PD or AD -- IX. PDI Activity in ALS and Prion Disease -- X. Potential Treatment of Excessive NMDA-Induced Ca2+ Influx and S-Nitrosylation -- XI. Looking to the Future: NitroMemantines -- XII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Innate Immunity and Protective Neuroinflammation: New Emphasis on the Role of Neuroimmune Regulatory Proteins -- I. Characteristics of the Cellular and Molecular Innate Immune Responses in the Brain -- II. Innate Immune Response in Health: The Key Role of Physical Barriers -- III. Immunoprivileged Status of the Brain by Preventing the Infiltration of Potentially Harmful Systemic Immune Cells: Roles of ACAMPs -- IV. Protective Innate Immune Response During Brain Infection and Inflammation to Promote the Clearance of Pathogens: Roles of PAMPs -- V. Interactions of Innate Immune Molecules with Toxic Proteins: Roles of PPAMPs -- VI. Regulating the Innate Immune Response in the CNS While Promoting Tissue Repair: Roles of Neuroimmune Regulatory Molecules -- VII. Innate Immunity and Neurogenesis -- VIII. The Canonical Innate Immune System in the CNS: The Complement System -- IX. Conclusion: Elements to Drive Innate Immune Neuroprotective Activities -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter 3: Glutamate Release from Astrocytes in Physiological Conditions and in Neurodegenerative Disorders Characterized by Neuroinflammation -- I. Introduction -- II. Ca2+-Dependent Glutamate Release from Astrocytes -- III. Excitotoxicity Involving Ca2+-Dependent Glutamate Release from Astrocytes in Pathological Conditions: The Case of ADC -- IV. Astrocytic Alterations and Ca2+-Dependent Glutamate Release Dysfunction in AD -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: The High-Mobility Group Box 1 Cytokine Induces Transporter-Mediated Release of Glutamate from Glial Subcellular Particles (Gliosomes) Prepared from in Situ-Matured Astrocytes -- I. Introduction -- II. Gliosomes as a Model to Study Astrocyte Characteristics -- A. Characterization of the Gliosome Preparation -- B. Glutamate Release in Gliosomes -- C. Expression of Proteins of the Release Machinery in Gliosomes -- III. HMGB1-Induced Glutamate Release from Gliosomes -- A. Cytokine Properties of HMGB1 -- B. Effect of HMGB1 on Glutamate Release from Gliosomes and Synaptosomes -- C. Mechanisms of the HMGB1-Induced Release of Glutamate from Gliosomes -- D. HMGB1 Binding to Gliosomes -- IV. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: The Role of Astrocytes and Complement System in Neural Plasticity -- I. Introduction -- II. Astrocytes, GFAP, and Astrocyte Intermediate Filaments -- III&#