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Phylogeography and molecular ecology of predators and prey on Trinidad and Tobago
Başlık:
Phylogeography and molecular ecology of predators and prey on Trinidad and Tobago
Yazar:
Jowers, Michael Joseph, author.
ISBN:
9780438059627
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
1 electronic resource (270 pages)
Genel Not:
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-08C.
Advisors: Bernard L. Cohen.
Özet:
This thesis examines the systematics of three anurans, Mannophryne trinitatis, Mannophryne olmonae (Dendrobatidae), Phyllodytes auratus (Hylinae) and a freshwater fish, Rivulus hartii (Cyprinodontiformes), a predator of M. trinitatis tadpoles, using molecular phylogenetics to assess biogeographic patterns of variation between and within species in Trinidad, Tobago and the mainland. The ecology and behaviour of Trinidad's only dendrobatid frog, Mannophryne trinitatis, is examined to assess the factors involved in predator detection. Until this work, M. trinitatis was thought to inhabit the mainland Paria peninsula, but differences in external morphology and call characteristics provide taxonomic distinction between the continental and the insular species, while mitochondrial DNA (16S rDNA and COI) supports a sister taxon relationship between them. The only M. trinitatis locality recorded outside the Northern Range of Trinidad is Tamana Cave, in the Central Range, but the findings of three new localities within the Central Range suggests that this species is more widespread than previously thought. The endangered Trinidad endemic frog, Phyilodytes auratus, is the only species within a small genus not found in southeastern Brazil. Analyses of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA sequences are used to show that this species is correctly placed within the Hylinae, but that it is not very closely related to Phyllodytes luteolus, the only other supposed member of this genus (from Brazil) for which sequence data are available. Mitochondrial cytochrome b revealed low genetic divergence between the two P. auratus populations, suggesting recent isolation. Previous phylogenetic and ecological work has shown that Rivulus hartii is the most widespread fish in Trinidad and that Trinidad and other nearby mainland populations are closely related. Ecological work of this species indicates that it is the most widespread fish in Trinidad. Cytochome b sequences reveal genetic similarity between one Trinidad haplotype and R. hartii from Paria peninsula contrasting with surprisingly high genetic divergence between them and the rest of the Trinidad and Tobago haplotypes, suggesting that the islands have been colonised by two lineages, whose divergence is dated by rough molecular clock methods to the Late Miocene (~7 Mya). A common haplotype is distributed throughout lowland Trinidad, but Rivulus from higher altitude localities (Northern Range) show high genetic divergence between sites. Phylogenetic relationships within the former M. trinitatis species complex and population differentiation between the Trinidad populations are assessed with the use of mitochondrial DNA (12S, 16S rDNA, cytb, CR). M. trinitatis is closely related to M. venezuelensis (from Venezuela) whereas M. olmonae (from Tobago), which was previously thought to be the sister species of M. trinitatis, shows high genetic differentiation. These results suggest speciation by vicariance when Trinidad and possibly Tobago separated from the mainland in the Late Miocene. M. trinitatis haplotypes were not associated with localities, but genetic subdivision between mountain range populations is significant and is interpreted in terms of recent isolation during Pleistocene climate change. Previous laboratory work has shown that male M. trinitatis from different populations exhibit specific anti-predator response during tadpole deposition to the predator they regularly encounter in the wild (R. hartii or the freshwater prawn Macrobractiium carcinus). To assess deposition behaviour in the field, artificial pools were placed in a heavily R. hartii predated stream and other experiments were set up in the laboratory to investigate other possible factors during deposition. The results show that deposition-site choice is not related to the height above or distance from the stream, that males do not deposit their whole clutches in pools, and that tadpole deposition is pool size and nutrient availability dependent. Regular tadpole inspections at a pool in the field established that most tadpoles in the pool were the result of downstream movement. M. trinitatis adult anti-predator behaviour is well established, but tadpole response to predation remains largely unknown. To investigate this, tadpoles from four populations were exposed to two predator types in containers that allowed for chemical or visual detection, or both. Large and small tadpoles showed the same response to predators and tadpoles were found to principally use chemical predator-detection cues. All populations showed a stronger response to R. hartii than to M. carcinus. This is attributed to the restricted distribution of M. carcinus and to the few sympatric zones between the tadpoles and these predators. Tadpoles that had never previously encountered either of the predators showed strong anti-predator responses, suggesting that the antipredator response is inherited.
Notlar:
School code: 0547
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Yer Numarası | Demirbaş Numarası | Shelf Location | Lokasyon / Statüsü / İade Tarihi |
---|---|---|---|
XX(684739.1) | 684739-1001 | Proquest E-Tez Koleksiyonu | Arıyor... |
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