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Analysis of the tongue dorsum microflora in subjects with and without halitosis
Başlık:
Analysis of the tongue dorsum microflora in subjects with and without halitosis
Yazar:
Donaldson, Alan Campbell, author.
ISBN:
9780438061477
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
1 electronic resource (176 pages)
Genel Not:
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-08C.
Advisors: Marcello Riggo.
Özet:
Halitosis is a condition that dentists are being increasingly asked to treat. Few studies have examined the role bacteria play in producing oral malodour. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the anaerobic microflora of the dorsum of the tongue in subjects with and without malodour. Currently described clinical protocols for the recruitment of subjects with halitosis into research studies are often poorly defined, and the general definition of halitosis is extremely broad. In order to undertake this study a stringent clinical protocol was developed for screening and assessment of patients with genuine physiological halitosis to the exclusion of other sources of oral malodour. A number of methods were used to recruit patients, including advertising in the national press. A narrow definition of halitosis was developed from several published sources. An extensive list of exclusion criteria was defined and applied at an initial screening visit. Eligible patients were asked to follow a strict patient protocol immediately prior to their second visit for the study measurements and sample collection. This protocol was based on several different protocols previously cited in the literature. All patients were also asked to complete a questionnaire. The clinical examination consisted of organoleptic and HalimeterRTM breath assessments, salivary flow rate estimation, periodontal screening and tongue sampling. A total of 66 individuals were appointed to attend for initial screening, 4 of whom failed to attend. Twenty-five were excluded following initial assessment. Thus 37 subjects were recruited using the strict clinical protocol, resulting in the idendfication (K) of 18 subjects with halitosis and 19 controls. The median HalimeterRTM reading for the control and halitosis groups was 112 ppb and 249.5 ppb, respectively. All subjects in the control group scored one on the organoleptic scale (for mouth air), whilst seventeen of the halitosis group scored two and one subject scored three. Results of the periodontal examination showed no significant difference in mean clinical attachment levels and mean clinical probing depths between the control and halitosis groups. There was, however, a significantly higher percentage of bleeding sites, and therefore gingivitis, in the halitosis group compared to the control group. Bacterial samples were collected from the posterior dorsum of the tongue using a sterile brush for all 37 subjects. Samples were plated onto fastidious anaerobe agar (FAA) and FAA enriched with vancomycin and incubated under anaerobic conditions. Strict anaerobes were identified by metronidazole sensitivity and bacteria were identified to genus level by a combination of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical and enzymatic tests. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were obtained and investigated using standard dilution analysis techniques and a full periodontal charting was obtained for all participants. The results were examined statistically. The predominant species present in both halitosis and control groups were Veillonella spp, Prevotella spp and Fusobacterium spp. Greater species diversity was found in the halitosis samples compared to controls. The halitosis samples contained an increased incidence of unidentifiable gram-negative rods, gram-positive rods and gram-negative coccobacilli. There was no obvious association between halitosis and any specific bacterial genus. The increased species diversity found in halitosis samples suggests that halitosis may be the result of complex interactions between several bacterial species and host variables. The role of uncultivable bacteria may also be important in contributing to this process. This is the first time a rigorous protocol has been implemented to screen and assess subjects with genuine physiological halitosis. The adoption of such protocols is essential if data from different research groups is to be compared. In order to more clearly define the bacteria associated with halitosis, future research should use molecular techniques to undertake qualitative and quantitative studies of the microflora of the tongue dorsum.
Notlar:
School code: 0547
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Yer Numarası | Demirbaş Numarası | Shelf Location | Lokasyon / Statüsü / İade Tarihi |
---|---|---|---|
XX(684882.1) | 684882-1001 | Proquest E-Tez Koleksiyonu | Arıyor... |
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