Front Cover; Computers and Languages: Theory and Practice; Copyright Page; PREFACE; Table of Contents; PART I: INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND; Chapter 1. The Birth Of The Computers; 1.1 On Docile Slaves And Mechanical Languages; 1.2 The Early Computers; 1.3 Literature; Chapter 2. The Birth Of The Programming Languages; 2.1 The Mathematical Background; 2.2 From Code To Language; 2.3 Language Analysis And Code Synthesis; 2.4 Literature; Chapter 3. Towards Intelligent Applications; 3.1 General Applications; 3.2 Turing's Machine Exercises; 3.3 Machine Translation; 3.4 Literature

Chapter 4. Topics Of Artificial Intelligence4.1 Artificial Intelligence Science; 4.2 Perceptual And Cognitive Processes; 4.3 Expert Systems; 4.4 Speech, Language, And Linguistics; 4.5 Literature; PART II: MILITARY BACKGROUND; Chapter 5. The Military Impact; 5.1 The Impact Of The Cold War; 5.2 The Demand For Micro-Electronics; 5.3 Computers And Missiles; 5.4 Command, Control, And Communications; 5.5 Literature; Chapter 6. Computer Controlled War And Peace; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Computers And Space; 6.3 Artificial Intelligence And Future Warfare; 6.4 Hardware And Software Development

6.5 LiteraturePART III: VIEWPOINTS OF LANGUAGE; Chapter 7. GenerativeLinguistics; 7.1 Generative Grammar; 7.2 Transformational Grammar; 7.3 Competence And Human Parsing; 7.4 Literature; Chapter 8. BNF Programming, Analyzing, And Compiling; 8.1 BNF versus Phrase Structure Grammars; 8.2 The Insufficiency Of Context-Free Grammars; 8.3 The Compiler Production Milieux; 8.4 Literature; Chapter 9. Formal Languages And Parsing Methods; 9.1 Towards A Theory Of Parsing; 9.2 General Context-Free Parsing; 9.3 Deterministic Parsing Strategies; 9.4 Literature; PART IV: FROM LANGUAGE TOWARDS INTELLIGENCE

Chapter 10. Towards Natural Language Understanding10.1 The Impact Of ALPAC; 10.2 Topics Of Natural Language Processing; 10.3 Problems In Language Understanding; 10.4 Modeling Language Understanding; 10.5 Literature; Chapter 11. Natural Language And Artificial Intelligence; 11.1 Language And Knowledge Levels; 11.2 Augmented Transition Networks; 11.3 From Semantic Roles To Semantic Primitives; 11.4 Conceptual Case Frame Representation; 11.5 Conceptual Inferences And Meaning; 11.6 Knowledge Representation Issues; 11.7 Literature; Chapter 12. Language: From Theory To Practice; 12.1 Introduction

12.2 Natural Language Interface Construction12.3 Machine Translation After ALPAC; 12.4 Fifth Generation And Natural Language; 12.5 Language Processing And The Military; 12.6 Literature; PART V: A MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL-ACADEMIC COMPLEX?; Chapter 13. University Research And The Military; 13.1 Introduction; 13.2 Collaboration With The Military; 13.3 Militarily Sensitive Research; 13.4 Scientists And Controversial Projects; 13.5 Computer Professionals And Responsibility; 13.6 Literature; Name Index